美国民间机构参与基础教育评价的经验与启示

时间:2022-05-28 09:48:01 来源:网友投稿

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ezYfz{u+jjC+r{]jק+쬢szLizǵ+nuM朅jبNi]:uri׹7rju6'!x8ޭe6'!xjuyM9mz]4M5@+'{nGymI޷!i׶zƦVX^۔l{nv۝ �$MG(qe8iڞ֠yѫiۚ*'E^Mr'\Ɲj1a>Ȟ̵Az&ƥ Ⱨoj{ZOztG(qe8iڞ֠y^iا~'总结性评价、诊断性评价、临时性评价以及形成性评价等多种评价方式相结合的评价方式。“最佳中小学”的评价活动综合考量各项指标,既包括SAT和ACT的得分、阅读能力、数学能力等与学生学业成绩相关的指标,也包括校园文化、社团活动、体育运动项目等与学生综合素质发展相关的指标。由此看来,该类评价活动十分重视学生的全面发展以及能力的形成。我国开展素质教育也是以促进学生的全面发展为目标。因此,我国的基础教育评价体系也应为此目标服务。建立多元化的评价体系,转变以分数为核心的传统评价观。将总结性评价与过程性评价相结合,既关注学生的考试成绩,又关注学生在学习过程中的综合表现、进步状况以及知识的理解程度。同时,将学业成绩的评价与综合能力评价相结合。既关注学生的学业状况,又关注学生各方面能力的发展。从而促进我国基础教育评价体系能够真正地为学生的全面发展服务。

(二)评价活动应关注教育公平的实现

美国教育界一直关注教育公平,同时也出台了一些相应的政策以促进教育公平的实现。其对教育公平的关注更多的表现在为所有儿童提供平等的、公平的、优质的基础教育。使每个孩子都能够获得成功是美国前总统奥巴马在其颁布的《每个孩子都成功法案》中提出的。“最佳中小学”评价体系专门设立了“杰出贡献学校”排行榜,以此加强并呼吁社会对弱势学生群体的关注。此类排行榜既体现了对教育公平的关注,同时也为教育公平的实现做出了贡献。我国基础教育中也存在弱势学生群体,包括经济困难生、留守儿童以及残疾学生等,但我国现存的基础教育评价体系更多关注的是重点学校的优秀学生群体,并未给予弱势学生群体以足够的关注和重视。因此,我国在注重评价指标多元化的同时,也应重视评价对象的多元化,填补弱势学生群体教育与其教育评价这一空缺,为保障弱势学生群体的教育质量提供切实的方式和方法,以促进教育公平的实现。

(三)鼓励第三方开展专业性的教育评价活动

在美国,基础教育评价活动并非只是美国教育部的专属职责,一些民间机构也参与着基础教育的评价活动。尼奇公司组织的“最佳中小学”评价活动就是其中的重要代表,这些由民间组织的基础教育评价机构在美国基础教育评价领域中发挥着重要的作用。他们发挥重要作用的原因包括两个方面。一方面是其具有专业性。无论是评价框架的系统化设计、评价过程的严谨,还是评价结果的公开化处理都彰显其评价活动的专业性;另一方面是政府部门对基础教育相关数据的公开,为第三方评价组织获得第一手有效的数据资料提供了可能性,从而也为其专业化的发展提供了有利条件。我国目前也存在一些民间机构参与基础教育评价,但主要集中于高中的评价与排名,从其框架的设计、数据的来源、评价的实施与结果的处理等方面来看,我国现存的民间机构所组织的基础教育评价活动尚不系统,其专业性也就无从谈起了。其原因有两个方面。一方面是因为这些民间机构多是“自起炉灶”,并没有与我国政府部门建立紧密的联系,处于“无组织,无纪律”的状态;另一方面我国政府等相关部门并不提倡第三方对基础教育进行评价。因此,我们应正视基础教育评价活动的意义和作用。首先合理地利用基础教育评价活动来促进我国基础教育的良性发展。其次,借鉴美国的相关经验,促进我国民间组织开展具有专业性的基础教育评价活动。再次,我国政府部门应该鼓励、引导民间机构组织参与基础教育评价活動。

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The Experience and Enlightenment of American Private Institutions as an Effective Force to Participate in Basic Education Evaluation:

——A Case Study of the Ranking System of “Best Primary and Middle School”

ZHANG Lingli,HONG Ming

(Fujian Normal University, Fujian, Fuzhou 350117,China)

Abstract:  In addition to the basic education evaluation systems which are designed by U.S. Department of Education,some basic education evaluation activities, which are organized by private institutions, are an important way to evaluate basic education in the United States. Among them, the “best primary and middle school” ranking system has a great influence in U.S. Its systematic ranking system and evaluation index system show the characteristics of focusing on consumers and education fairness, and making evaluation process and results open and transparent. Above all, it will not only have positive influence on education evaluation in the United States, but also bring enlightenment on the establishment of basic education evaluation system in China.

Key words:   ranking system of “best primary and middle school”; basic education evaluation; evaluation index

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